All client service is about adding value. This is especially true for consulting services, where the output — an idea or concept — is intangible even if the outcome — for example, reduced cost — is tangible.
The question then becomes, "How can I add value to my client?" I believe the answer lies in concepts from information theory. Claude Shannon, a Bell Laboratories researcher, stated that "Information is a difference that makes a difference." If nothing changes, then there is no information. If something changes, but the change is not relevant, then the change is not information.
To illustrate how value is added, consider the following financial and textual examples:
| Level |
Financial |
Textual |
| Wisdom |
Strategic Plan |
Interpretation |
| Knowledge |
Variance Explanation |
Executive Summary |
| Information |
General Ledger |
Report |
| Data |
Transactions |
Isolated Facts |
| |
|
|
Moving up each level involves more summarization, abstraction, or processing from a previous level — in general, changing and improving the context of the information.
The degree of value added is indicated by the difficulty in answering the question being asked. Questions involving "How" and "Why" are generally very hard to answer since they have subjective answers. "Who," "What," "When," and "Where" questions are typically not as hard.
Today's business systems usually work at the "Data" and "Information" levels. To move to the "Knowledge" level generally requires a skilled business person who can use tools — such as query, reporting, and multi-dimensional analysis tools — to access the databases of business systems, helping answer questions such as:
- Why is this style not profitable, but a similar style is?
- Why are system-generated transactions causing this account to be out of balance?
- Why did we have a large inventory shrink?
Moving to the "Wisdom" level requires both knowledge and experience. It is generally acknowledged that about 10 years of experience is needed for a person to be considered an expert. Experts can help answer questions such as:
- How can Finance move from transaction processing to business analysis?
- How can we cut our product development cycle in half?
- Why should we spend $500,000 for a new business system?
These questions are typical of the types of questions we help our clients answer. Given the nature and difficulty of these questions, I believe we can say with certainty that we help add value to our clients.
Best wishes for a successful 2000!

Todd L. Herman